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Author: Anna Ternell
Co-authors: Martin Berg, Martin Bae-Pedersen, Mauricio Sagastuy Klie, Sandor Nemethy and Bosse Lagerqvist

FOREWORD

According to the United Nations, more than half of the global population lives in urban areas, and this is expected to reach 75% in the next fifty years. This inbound migration is creating enormous pressure at the edges of cities, making urban–rural fringes and peri-urban areas amongst the fastest-changing landscapes in Europe. Creating sustainable environments for the world's growing urban population is one of the most difficult global challenges. Farming and food production in urban and peri-urban areas have faced numerous challenges, particularly with the expansion of cities, to meet the global demand for food and transport. For example, agricultural land is frequently transformed for urban growth, resulting in land use disputes. This results in the loss of fertile agricultural land, which has an influence on local food production. Small, scattered pieces of land can also result from urban expansion, making efficient farming difficult. Pollution from urban activities can have an impact on air and water quality, thereby impacting crop health. Moreover, urbanisation can contribute to the loss of natural ecosystems and biodiversity. This can have a severe impact on ecosystems, especially those that sustain pollinators, which are crucial for food production.

Our view of cities must shift from one of unrestricted growth and siloed approaches to one of opportunity to adapt to and address environmental and social challenges. This shift in perspective is crucial when planning urban expansion, emphasising a holistic approach that considers the broader environmental impact. Cities, seen through this lens, become platforms for adaptation and solutions to both environmental and social challenges. To properly address the problems and the climate crisis, we must incorporate greening cities into design methods, and urban farming must play a role in how cities meet at least a portion of their food needs. Sustainable, multifunctional, organic, and precision agriculture production and food processing can help to create the necessary conditions.

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have provided a comprehensive framework for addressing various global challenges, and SDG 11 specifically focuses on making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. However, sustainable urban development does not exist in isolation, as it has implications and intersects with several other goals, including ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being (SDG 3), combating climate change and its effects (SDG 13), and sustainably managing forests, combating desertification, halting and reversing land degradation, and halting biodiversity loss (SDG 15). 

The interconnectedness of these goals underscores the need for an integrated and holistic approach to sustainability, where urban development is planned and implemented in a manner that addresses multiple dimensions of sustainability simultaneously. Achieving sustainable cities requires the collaboration of various stakeholders, including governments, urban planners, civil society organisations, and the private sector. By recognizing and capitalising on the synergies between SDG 11 and other goals, it becomes possible to create cities that are not only inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, but also contribute to the broader achievement of the SDGs.

To reduce the environmental impact of traditional, often monoculture agricultural production, the development of sustainable green economies, multifunctional agricultural enterprises, and cultivation methods for greater biodiversity is gaining traction around the world. Food safety, additive-free food production, and regional sales of local and special regional products are all becoming progressively important in Europe and elsewhere. Cities are increasingly interested in new climate-related initiatives, and they are constantly experimenting with new schemes and ideas.

Several initiatives have proved successful and suggest that specific innovative models can establish synergies between agriculture, urban farming and the city, aiming to address food growing in urban environments. This paper presents several practices that demonstrate how European cities can adapt to new land management alternatives using sustainable and innovative models that incorporate local food production, social inclusion, community identity, and ecosystem services. 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Small-scale urban farming practices are becoming increasingly popular in Europe, as cities look to promote sustainable and locally sourced food production. These practices, which range from rooftop gardens to community gardens and indoor hydroponic systems, have numerous benefits, including reducing the carbon footprint of food production, increasing access to fresh and nutritious food, and providing green spaces in urban areas. In this article, we'll take a closer look at some of the small-scale urban farming practices taking place in Europe and in the world.

An increasing number of initiatives using sustainable solutions to manage peri-urban lands are demonstrating that urban-rural interfaces offer new opportunities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals that favour cities, such as Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable to the urban challenge; Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being; Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its effects; and Goal 15: Sustainably manage the environment.

Multifunctional land use approaches (agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, urban gardens, forest gardens, recreation, green and blue infrastructure, etc.) are being implemented in urban and peri-urban areas under the leadership of municipalities and regional authorities in order to manage public lands where the social, environmental, and economic components outside the city limits can be fully integrated. 

Based on a descriptive-comparative analysis, this paper encourages other European cities to actively include multifunctional land use in their regional planning strategies in order to influence decision-makers toward better policy formulation that addresses the needs of contemporary cities in order to achieve sustainability.

BACKGROUND

• Urban gardening as a Swiss army knife

Urban agriculture is an ever-evolving field that plays a crucial role in both academic discussions on sustainable development and its physical manifestation in urban spaces. Its significance is amplified by increasing urbanisation and the challenges posed by global uncertainties. Historically, places like Gothenburg and other regions in Northern Europe have been pioneers in integrating allotments within cityscapes. However, these areas also reflect a longstanding divide between 'urban' and 'rural' perspectives, witnessing a shift in how nature is perceived—from a source of production to one of consumption.

Urban agriculture encompasses farming activities located within or on the outskirts of city areas, presenting a diverse range of scales. This spectrum includes personal gardens, communal allotments, community gardens, public parks, and commercially oriented city farms. The methods of urban farming vary widely, from traditional horizontal layouts to innovative vertical farms that maximise space efficiency. Urban agriculture also explores advanced techniques like aquaponics, hydroponics, and industrial symbiosis, utilising residual heat and various waste streams as part of the urban ecosystem.

These varying scales and methods underscore urban agriculture's multifaceted purpose, touching on social, ecological, and economic aspects. It fosters community engagement, creates employment opportunities, and enhances the socioeconomic status of suburban populations. Positioned at the heart of urban communities, urban agriculture relies on accessible resources—land, water, organic waste, and labour—to produce food for city inhabitants. The success of urban farming initiatives also hinges on supportive policies that facilitate distribution and prioritise farming amidst the competitive demand for land.

The inherent versatility and diversity of urban agriculture equip it to adapt to a broad array of urban conditions and stakeholders, underscoring its vital contribution to the overarching goal of sustainable urban development. This dynamic field not only bridges the gap between 'urban' and 'rural' but also integrates sustainable practices into the fabric of city life, highlighting its potential to transform urban environments for the better.

• The importance of peri-urban areas
  

Over fifty percent of the world's population currently resides in urban areas, and this proportion continues to rise1. The majority of those who move to cities and large towns originate from rural areas. Urban expansion, in which cities extend into their surrounding peri-urban and rural areas, is one facet of the growing interconnection between rural and urban areas. Peri-urbanisation may become the dominant challenge for regional and city planning and design in the twenty-first century. The peri-urban is a zone of social and economic change and restructuring, a zone of intensive and sometimes even chaotic development. However, it is not just an in-between or fringe space at the urban peripheries; rather it is a new kind of hot-spot multi-functional landscape for urban renewal and development. 

Urban and peri-urban areas are beginning to be recognized as suitable territories for sustainable food provisioning practices, an issue that is gaining increasing attention and concern in global spatial planning. Peri-urban agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, and even small-scale farming practices are gaining more attention as opportunities to reallocate publicly owned lands in order to create more greening spaces for the provision of recreational services, social cohesion, and local food production. 

“Urban areas are expanding due to a combination of population growth and outward spread of urban activities. The result is that urban and rural areas are no longer separate territories. The newly emerging ‘peri-urban’ areas are the site of the most dynamic changes. Peri-urban problems and opportunities are best addressed at the level of the rural-urban region, which includes both peri-urban and rural hinterland areas”. PRUREL.

Local governments have begun to support these initiatives as results indicate that they provide important additional eco-services (e.g., urban heat reduction, storm water management, biodiversity management, and human well-being) in addition to contributing to the adaptation of cities to climate change. Consequently, to increase the resilience of the urban food system and stimulate the local economy, several European cities have committed to shortening food supply chains and promoting the consumption of food produced in the city region. Currently, and as a result of these activities, a rapidly expanding body of evidence and experience based on case studies across the urban zones of European cities is being accumulated. 

For example, the project Peri-urban Land Use Relationships - Strategies and Sustainability Assessment Tools for Urban-Rural Linkages (PLUREL) studied by 36 partners (2007-2011) addressed peri-urban land use relationships showing that urban development is by far the most rapidly expanding land use change in Europe. They highlighted the need to reach sustainable development required for more policy attention at the regional level and on the urban-rural interface. They concluded that the European Union must promote an integrated rural-urban development by concentrating its policies and funding on peri-urban regions.

UN Habitat's (2017) study the “Implementing the new Urban Agenda by strengthening Urban-Rural Linkages” highlights the importance of urban-rural linkages for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, as it identifies the need to bridge the development gap between urban and rural zones for the benefit of both urban and rural populations. Strong interdependence exists between rural and urban areas, and there is an immediate need to reconsider and recognize the urban-rural continuum of space and its planning.

Peri Urban Regions Platform Europe (PURPLE), a third example, was founded in 2004 and has brought together diverse regions from across Europe to maximise the benefits and increase awareness of the specific peri-urban agenda at the European, national, and regional levels. In addition to promoting new trans-European initiatives in the field of peri-urban regions, the platform disseminates examples of best practices in designing and developing partnerships for EU projects. According to PURPLE, peri-urban agricultural areas are ideal for multifunctional activities related to the requirements of nearby cities. They promote an extensive variety of agricultural production innovations that necessitate new standards and regulations.

Specifically, examples of sustainable food systems are becoming more prevalent. For example the pan-European project EIT Climate-KIC SATURN (SATURN), (2019-2021 involving three cities (Gothenburg, Trento, and Birmingham), investigated how resilience at a city scale could be achieved and how landscape fragmentation issues could be addressed. The objective of the SATURN project was to develop frameworks and design tools to assist cities and regions in addressing the landscape fragmentation they experience, while exploring innovative ideas to future-proof cities. The Gothenburg model demonstrates the viability of urban farming in densely populated areas through four distinct actions, resulting in numerous benefits for the municipality, the farmers, and the general public. The green space will revitalise the area and make the city healthier and greener, while the local food production and consumption will mitigate the carbon emissions caused by shipping and transportation.

In the case of the Nutrire Trento #Fase2 project, the emergence of synergies between farmers led to the creation of a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). The CSA is a model for the production and distribution of food based on a partnership between consumers and farmers. In fact, it is a more sophisticated alternative to food networks in Italy (such as Solidarity Purchasing Groups) because consumers are asked to make a moral and financial commitment to a group of farmers.

The Birmingham model entails establishing a growing network in an urban setting, which includes gardening and urban farming. Even though the two preceding models are focused on agriculture and entrepreneurship, the "Growing in the Community" initiative aims to increase community awareness and engagement through farming. The team behind this model asserts that the creation of physical space fosters and affords opportunities for the emergence of social space within the urban fabric.

Another example is the C40 Food Systems Network, the Urban Food Policy Pact of Milan as well as Madrid’s Food Strategy all of which investigate agriculture in urban areas with the goal of creating healthy, sustainable cities.

Multiple examples demonstrate that urban agriculture has a significant impact on global food security and can allow cities to grow while producing clean food and preserving the ecological balance of their ecosystems. There are many economic, social, and environmental benefits to integrating urban farms into the urban fabric. It provides clean food while enhancing air quality by reducing carbon emissions and air pollution.

URBAN GARDENING PRACTICES 

Urban farming involves a vast array of activities and settings. It refers to the practice of growing food crops and raising livestock within the confines of a city or urban area. As a result, farming operations can occur within the dense city, on hard surfaces or in parks, on or near buildings, as well as in more spacious city-adjacent regions known as peri-urban settings. These efforts aim to increase the accessibility of fresh, nutritious food for urban dwellers and to support sustainable food systems.

Activities associated with urban farming can include:

Aeroponic:	A method of growing plants without the use of soil or a solid growing medium. Instead, plants are suspended in an environment where their roots are exposed to a nutrient-rich mist or air containing essential nutrients. This approach allows for efficient nutrient absorption and promotes faster growth.
Agroforestry:	The practice of incorporating trees, shrubs, and other perennial plants into urban agriculture systems is known as agroforestry in urban settings. Individuals, community groups, or commercial farmers can practise agroforestry in urban settings, and it can be adapted to a variety of urban environments, from rooftop gardens to abandoned lots to public parks.
Allotments:	A small plot of land, usually rented from a local authority or private landowner, for the purpose of growing fruits, vegetables, and other plants. They are typically used by individuals who do not have access to a garden or who wish to have additional space for gardening.
Aquaponics:	Combining hydroponic plant cultivation with aquaculture (fish farming) to create a closed-loop ecosystem where waste from the fish provides nutrients for the plants, and the plants clean the water for the fish.
Community gardening:	Using shared public or private land to grow fruits, vegetables, and herbs for personal consumption or distribution to the local community.
Greenhouses:	Enclosed structures used to cultivate plants in a controlled environment in the middle of an urban setting.
Indoor hydroponic systems	A system involving growing plants without soil, using a nutrient-rich water solution.
Living genebank	A facility or program dedicated to the preservation and cultivation of living plant varieties for agricultural purposes. Unlike traditional seed banks, which store seeds in a dormant state, a living gene bank maintains plants in a growing and reproductive state. The goal is to ensure the continuous cultivation and propagation of diverse and valuable plant genetic resources.
Local seeds farms:	A facility or organisation that specialises in the cultivation, preservation, and distribution of locally adapted and indigenous plant seeds.
Marine allotments:	Coastal agriculture, specifically focusing on the cultivation of various bivalve mollusks and seaweeds within a structured farming association. This practice involves the organised allocation and sustainable use of marine areas.
Market gardening:	Producing crops on a small scale to sell at local farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, or directly to restaurants and grocers.
Plant nursery:	A facility that specialises in the propagation and cultivation of plants, shrubs, and trees for sale to the public, landscapers, and other businesses. Plant nurseries typically grow their own stock or obtain plants from wholesale growers.
Rooftop farming:	Using flat or sloped roof spaces to cultivate crops and raise livestock, such as bees and chickens.
Temporary rooms in the city:	Small-scale indoor spaces that are repurposed for the purpose of growing crops in an urban environment. often used by individuals, community organisations, or startups that are exploring innovative ways to grow fresh produce in urban areas, with the aim of promoting local food production, reducing food miles, and improving food security.
Test beds:	Small-scale experimental plots used to test and refine new techniques and technologies for growing crops in urban environments.
Vertical farming:	Using multi-tiered shelves or hydroponic systems to grow crops indoors in a controlled environment.

1. Aeroponics

Aeroponics is practised worldwide, and its popularity has been growing, particularly in the context of modern and sustainable agriculture. While it might not be as widespread as traditional soil-based or hydroponic systems, there are numerous examples of aeroponics being employed in Europe and around the world. Some countries, especially those with a focus on advanced agricultural technologies and urban farming, have embraced aeroponics for its efficiency in resource usage and potential for high yields. Vertical farming initiatives, where space is limited, often incorporate aeroponic systems due to their ability to maximise growing space. The popularity of aeroponics is driven by its advantages, including water efficiency, faster plant growth, and the ability to grow crops in locations with poor soil quality. As technology and understanding of aeroponics continue to advance, it is likely that its adoption will increase globally. However, the prevalence of aeroponics can vary by region and is influenced by factors such as local agricultural practices, economic considerations, and the specific needs of the crops being grown. Examples of aeroponic systems include:

• Aeroponic Tower Gardens: Vertical tower systems that allow plants to be stacked in a compact space. Nutrient-rich mist is periodically sprayed onto the exposed roots of the plants, promoting optimal nutrient absorption.
• High-Pressure Aeroponics (HPA): In this system, nutrient solution is delivered to the plant roots at high pressure, creating a fine mist. This mist is delivered intermittently, ensuring that the roots receive both nutrients and oxygen. HPA is known for its efficiency in nutrient delivery.
• Aeroponic Cloning Systems: Aeroponics is commonly used for propagating plants through cloning. Cuttings from parent plants are suspended in an aeroponic chamber where their roots develop in a misted nutrient solution before being transplanted into a traditional growing medium. This method often results in faster and more reliable root development compared to other propagation methods.

2. Agroforestry 

Urban agroforestry is the practice of integrating trees, shrubs, and other perennial plants into urban agriculture systems, with the aim of creating more productive, resilient, and sustainable food production systems. This approach can help to address a range of environmental and social challenges associated with urban agriculture, such as soil degradation, water pollution, and food insecurity. In agroforestry systems, trees and other perennial plants are often used as windbreaks, shade providers, and nutrient cyclers, while also producing fruits, nuts, or other valuable crops. They may be interplanted with annual crops, such as vegetables or grains, or integrated with animal husbandry practices, such as poultry or small livestock. Agroforestry in urban settings may be practised by individuals, community groups, or commercial farmers, and can be adapted to a wide range of urban environments, from rooftop gardens to abandoned lots to public parks. By integrating perennial plants into urban agriculture systems, agroforestry can help to promote biodiversity, improve soil health, and provide multiple benefits for urban residents and communities.

One example of a farm working with agroforestry in a peri-urban environment is “La Florentina” near Valencia, Spain. Vicente Borras is the name of the farmer that owns this farm. He has more than 18 different fruit varieties and he has established many “Biodiversity hedges” with over 100 mediterranean species in his 17 hectare farm. 

Another example of urban agroforestry is “Parken Eklund” in the city of Örebro, Sweden. The city of Örebro transformed a “normal park with a play area” into a park that integrated food production and woody perennials into the park. This type of agroforestry system is called “forest gardens”.


Gothenburg Agroforestry. Photo: Anna Ternell

3. Allotments

Allotment farming in urban areas involves the provision of small plots of land to individuals or communities for the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers. These allotments are typically managed by local governments, non-profit organisations, or community groups and provide urban residents with the opportunity to grow their own food, connect with nature, and foster a sense of community. Allotment farming has gained popularity in many urban areas worldwide as a means of promoting sustainable food production, enhancing food security, and improving overall well-being.

A good example is the initiative "Your Garden Around the Corner" in Gothenburg City, Sweden (Din trädgård runt hörnet – Stadsnära Odling (goteborg.se)), where about 45 gardening associations in the city's various districts lease land from the exploitation management. These associations play an important role in promoting gardening and green areas in the city by providing gardening plots to their members. The gardening areas managed by these associations are located both centrally and on the outskirts of Gothenburg. A gardening plot can vary in size, usually between 50-100 square metres, and allows members to grow their own vegetables, herbs, and flowers. To access a plot, the association pays a lease fee to the city, and in addition, members pay a membership fee determined by the association. Through "Your Garden Around the Corner", Gothenburg City encourages community, sustainability, and healthy lifestyles by offering residents the opportunity to grow their own vegetables and enjoy nature in the midst of the city. This initiative contributes to creating a more vibrant and sustainable urban environment for all its residents.

In the United Kingdom, allotment gardening has a long history dating back to the 19th century when land was allocated to urban workers for food production. Today, allotments remain a cherished tradition in many British cities, providing residents with valuable green spaces for cultivation and recreation. For example, the Brighton and Hove Allotment Federation (Brighton & Hove Allotment Federation | The Food Growing Community (bhaf.org.uk)) oversees numerous allotment sites in the coastal city of Brighton, where locals cultivate a diverse range of crops while promoting biodiversity and environmental stewardship.

Similarly, in Japan, urban allotment gardening has seen a resurgence in recent years as cities grapple with issues such as food security and urbanisation. Tokyo, for instance, has witnessed the establishment of community gardens and allotment plots in parks, vacant lots, and rooftops, allowing residents to reconnect with nature and produce their own fresh food in the heart of the bustling metropolis. Exemples are Tokyo Green Space Network, Urban Agriculture Promotion Office.

Overall, allotment farming in urban areas offers numerous benefits, including promoting sustainable agriculture, improving access to fresh and nutritious food, fostering community engagement, and enhancing the urban environment. Through initiatives like community gardens, allotment associations, and municipal support programs, cities around the world are harnessing the power of local food production to create healthier, more resilient, and vibrant urban communities.

4. Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a type of sustainable farming that blends aquaculture and hydroponics in a closed-loop system. Fish are raised in tanks in this integrated technique, and their waste, in the form of ammonia, acts as a nutrition source for plants. The nutrient-rich water is then circulated to a grow bed, where plants grown without soil absorb the nutrients, filtering and purifying the water. Beneficial bacteria in the system convert ammonia to nitrites and nitrates, which are necessary for plant growth. The cleansed water is returned to the fish tank, establishing a healthy link between fish and plants. Aquaponics is a comprehensive and sustainable approach to food production that emphasises resource efficiency, environmental responsibility, and the potential for year-round cultivation, making it a promising strategy for agriculture's future. The farming method conserves resources by using less water than traditional agriculture, decreases environmental effect by reducing the use of synthetic fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides, and allows for year-round cultivation in indoor or greenhouse conditions. Aquaponics is known for its space efficiency, which makes it ideal for urban farming, as well as its ability to produce both fish and a range of crops in a sustainable and integrated manner.

Aquaponics, a sustainable agricultural technology that combines aquaculture and hydroponics, has a number of advantages:

• Resource Efficiency: Aquaponics consumes less water than traditional agriculture since it is a closed-loop system in which water is recirculated between fish tanks and plant beds.
• Lower Environmental Impact: The method reduces the need for synthetic fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides, encouraging environmentally friendly and sustainable farming practices.
• Nutrient Recycling: Fish waste is a natural source of nutrients for plants. Beneficial bacteria turn fish waste into nitrates, which are necessary for plant growth.
• Year-Round growing: Aquaponics systems can be used indoors or in greenhouses, allowing for year-round growing regardless of the weather.
• Space Efficiency: Vertical and stacked aquaponics systems maximise space utilisation, making them ideal for urban farming where available land is limited.
• Integrated ecology: Aquaponics provides a closed-loop ecology in which fish and plants benefit from one another. The fish feed nutrients to the plants, and the plants assist the fish filter and purify the water.
• Diverse Crop Production: Aquaponics allows for the simultaneous cultivation of a number of crops, such as vegetables, herbs, and fruits, in addition to fish production. This variety boosts the system's overall productivity.
• Community and Educational Opportunities: Aquaponics systems can be used to educate people about sustainable agriculture. They can be implemented into schools, community centres, and urban settings to enhance food production learning.
• Local Food Production: Aquaponics enables local food production, which reduces the need for long-distance shipping and contributes to community food security.
• Efficient Nutrient Absorption: Plants in aquaponics systems absorb nutrients efficiently, resulting in faster growth rates and potentially larger yields than traditional soil-based agriculture.
• Promotion of Sustainable techniques: Aquaponics encourages sustainable farming techniques that prioritise ecological balance by minimising the use of external inputs and producing a self-sustaining ecosystem.

There are numerous initiatives in the world. The EU-funded project AWARE - Aquaponics from WAstewater REclamation  aims to expand European towns' capacity for freshwater aquaculture produced locally, with minimal effect on natural ecosystems, no reliance on natural freshwater resources, and high adaptability to climate change. is constructing Europe's first aquaponic farm within a wastewater treatment scheme. In 2024, the pilot will be launched at Castellana, in the area of Apulia (Italy). The wastewater treatment section of the system employs Advanced Tertiary Treatment technology to create reclaimed water of drinking water grade. This water provides the input to the aquaponics farm, which is built for recirculation and is a virtually waste-free system thanks to the intelligent use of biofiltration. The farm makes use of space, heat, and resources from the wastewater treatment plant, reducing the impact on natural habitats.



Source: 1) DIETHICS · JULY 26, 2017, 2) Food business Africa

5. Community gardens

Community gardens are a popular form of urban agriculture in Europe, where groups of people come together to grow food in a shared space. These gardens can be found in a variety of locations, including public parks, schoolyards, and unused plots of land. Community gardens provide a space for people to come together, share knowledge, and grow food in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way.


The commitment to establishing connections among people is at the heart of the community garden concept. Beyond the act of growing food, these gardens serve as communal gathering places for people from many backgrounds to come together, share knowledge, and collaboratively nurture the planet. This collaborative method not only promotes sustainable food cultivation, but it also fosters a sense of connection and shared responsibility.

One of the most important advantages of community gardens is their potential to strengthen social relationships. Community gardens, by providing a shared space for cultivation, become platforms for interaction, developing a sense of community among members. Gardeners contribute their expertise, experiences, and tips regarding sustainable growing practices, resulting in a dynamic environment of shared learning. Furthermore, community gardens are critical in encouraging environmental sustainability. They contribute to biodiversity, improve local ecosystems, and decrease the urban heat island effect as pockets of greenery inside urban settings. Composting and organic gardening, for example, demonstrate a dedication to environmental care within these community-driven efforts.

Community gardens provide practical benefits in addition to developing social relationships and environmental responsibility. They provide homeowners with an easy way to cultivate their own fresh vegetables, encouraging local food resilience and lowering reliance on centralised food systems. This not only improves food security but also promotes a healthy lifestyle by making nutritious, local products more accessible. As cities evolve, community gardens serve as models of sustainable and inclusive urban agriculture, providing a template for building resilient, interconnected communities.

A noteworthy example of a community garden is the Le Talus project in Marseille. Serving as a pilot initiative, Le Talus aims to convert a former construction site landfill into a hub for innovation and exploration of agro-ecology within the urban landscape. This project is particularly significant as it not only addresses environmental revitalization but also responds to the community's needs. The 12th arrondissement of Marseille lacks socio-cultural living spaces, making Le Talus a valuable addition that goes beyond traditional urban development. By repurposing underutilised spaces into areas of innovation and community engagement, projects like Le Talus exemplify a sustainable and integrated approach to urban expansion.

Le Talus Community garden Marseille, France Photos: Le Talus 

6. Greenhouses

Greenhouses in urban areas are enclosed structures used to grow plants in a controlled environment in the midst of an urban environment. They are typically made of glass or plastic and can vary in size from small backyard structures to large commercial facilities. Greenhouses provide a range of benefits for urban agriculture, including protection from extreme weather, pests, and disease, as well as the ability to control temperature, humidity, and other growing conditions to optimise plant growth. Greenhouses in urban areas can be used to grow a variety of crops, from leafy greens to flowers to exotic fruits and vegetables, and may be operated by individuals, community groups, or commercial farmers. They may be located on rooftops, in backyards, or in other unused spaces within the city. Greenhouses in urban areas can help to promote local food production, reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture, and provide opportunities for urban residents to learn about and engage in sustainable food production.

7. Indoor Hydroponic Systems

Indoor Hydroponic Systems are another form of small-scale urban agriculture that is becoming increasingly popular in Europe. These systems use nutrient-rich water instead of soil to grow crops, and they can be set up in small spaces, such as balconies or apartments. Indoor hydroponic systems are a great option for people who want to grow their own food but have limited space. The plants are typically grown in containers or beds, which are filled with a growing medium such as perlite or coconut coir, and the water solution is delivered directly to the plant roots via a system of tubes and pumps. The hydroponic system may also include artificial lighting, temperature control, and other technologies to optimise plant growth. 

Indoor hydroponic systems are becoming increasingly popular as a sustainable and space-efficient way to grow fresh produce in urban areas or in areas with limited access to fertile land. They can be used to grow a wide variety of crops, from leafy greens to tomatoes and strawberries, and can be tailored to fit the specific needs of each plant species.

There are just a few examples of indoor hydroponic farms in Europe, but the popularity of this type of food production is growing as cities become more densely populated and the demand for locally-grown, sustainable food increases. In the Netherlands, for example, the "PlantLab" is a hydroponic farm that is housed in a shipping container and provides fresh produce for the local community. The farm uses hydroponic technology to grow a variety of crops, including lettuce, herbs, and microgreens, year-round in a controlled environment. Another interesting example is SunDrop Farms in Australia who contributes to 15% of the country's tomato production. Renowned for its innovative and sustainable practices, the company utilises solar energy to desalinate seawater, which is then used to irrigate hydroponically grown produce. This fossil fuel-free, freshwater-free, and soil-free operation significantly reduces environmental impact, addressing the challenges of a growing population while minimising the industry's ecological footprint. Shockingly Fresh is currently advancing Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) projects across multiple regions, including the UK, France, and the Middle East. The progress of these projects includes. 

 

Photo: Sundrop farm, Shockingly Fresh

8. Living Genebank

A living gene bank for farming is a specialised facility or programme that preserves and cultivates living plant types for agricultural use. It is also known as a "living genebank" or "levande genbank" in Swedish. A living gene bank, as opposed to conventional seed banks, actively maintains plants in a growing and reproductive state to assure the continuing cultivation and multiplication of diverse and rich plant genetic resources. A living gene bank's major goal is to preserve genetic diversity within plant species that are important in agriculture. This diversity is critical for generating crops that can tolerate environmental stresses, resist pests, and fight illnesses. Living gene banks are dedicated to adapting plant varieties to specific local climates, soil types, and growth conditions, hence promoting sustainable and resilient agriculture techniques.

Living gene banks rely heavily on collaboration, with collaborations with agricultural experts, local communities, and farmers to uncover, catalogue, and study beneficial plant features. Living gene banks work together to preserve a collection that is both relevant and valuable to agricultural practices.

Many live gene banks include education and outreach as essential components. They participate in programmes and activities to promote awareness about the importance of agricultural biodiversity preservation. To support sustainable agriculture, this involves encouraging the use of regionally adapted and diversified plant kinds. In essence, the concept of a living gene bank meshes with the larger goals of genetic conservation and sustainable agriculture. These banks play an important role in protecting the foundation of our food systems by preserving the genetic diversity required to generate crops that can thrive in a variety of environments. 

An example of a living gene bank is The Programme for Diversity of Cultivated Plants, which operates in Sweden. This program, managed by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), focuses on preserving and promoting the genetic diversity of cultivated plants.  The program actively maintains a living gene bank by cultivating and propagating various plant varieties that are of agricultural importance. They prioritise the conservation of traditional crops adapted to the specific environmental conditions of Sweden. By keeping these plants in a living state, the gene bank ensures their continuous cultivation and allows for the preservation of valuable genetic traits. The living gene bank also engages in collaborative efforts with researchers, farmers, and local communities to document and study the diverse plant traits. This collaboration helps make the gene bank collection relevant and beneficial for sustainable agriculture practices. Additionally, the Program for Diversity of Cultivated Plants emphasises education and outreach initiatives to raise awareness about the importance of preserving agricultural biodiversity. Through their activities, they contribute to the promotion of locally adapted and diverse plant varieties, encouraging sustainable farming practices.

9. Local seed farms 

Local seed farms play a vital role in preserving and promoting agricultural biodiversity. These specialised farms focus on cultivating and maintaining locally adapted seed varieties, contributing to the resilience and sustainability of regional agriculture. By cultivating diverse seeds that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions, these farms help maintain genetic diversity, which is crucial for the long-term health and adaptability of crops. Local seed farms often collaborate with local communities, farmers, and researchers to identify, preserve, and propagate traditional and indigenous plant varieties. This collaborative effort helps safeguard unique and resilient genetic traits that may be essential for adapting to changing environmental conditions, pests, and diseases. In addition to their conservation role, local seeds farms also serve as valuable resources for farmers seeking locally adapted seeds. These seeds are often well-suited to the specific challenges and opportunities of the local growing environment. By promoting the use of locally sourced seeds, these farms contribute to sustainable agriculture, reduce dependence on external seed sources, and foster a sense of community resilience. An example is Sow Local Seeds,  a seed producing, family farm, located in Nova Scotia, Canada. In cooperation with local producers, they produce locally adapted and ecologically heirloom vegetable, herb and flower seeds.

10. Marine allotments

Marine allotments are a novel and forward-thinking method to coastal agriculture, concentrating on the growth of diverse bivalve mollusks and seaweeds within a structured farming organisation. This method entails the systematic allocation and long-term utilisation of maritime areas for the aim of growing and harvesting these specific marine species. They are designed for the various production of marine life, with a focus on bivalve mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and clams, as well as seaweeds belonging to the Eukaryota domain. This dual culture technique takes use of the ecological benefits that these species provide.

Marine allotments, typically operated as a farming organisation, represent a joint effort among persons or entities active in marine agriculture. This organisation promotes the sharing of resources, the exchange of knowledge, and the coordination of efforts to ensure sustainable and responsible farming methods. They emphasise sustainable aquaculture practices, help to the preservation of marine habitats and biodiversity. Marine allotments have a significant economic and social impact since they provide a sustainable source of seafood and seaweed products. Farming associations promote social collaboration, knowledge sharing, and community involvement. Aside from economic benefits, marine allotments have environmental benefits. Seaweeds assist in carbon sequestration and provide habitat for marine life, and contribute to nutrient cycling, while bivalve mollusks aid in water filtering and purification. This notion is consistent with the broader principles of sustainable aquaculture and marine resource management, and it helps to promote environmentally benign and economically viable practices in coastal communities.

Offshore farming presents a distinct advantage in its reduced resource requirements compared to traditional land cultivation. Notably, it eliminates the need to vie for arable land. Beyond its primary function of food production, marine allotments offer environmental benefits. In this approach, there's no necessity to introduce additional elements to the sea, be it water or nutrients. Algae, a key component, actively absorbs nitrogen and phosphorus, thereby serving as ecosystem service providers and contributing positively to the ocean's well-being. Harvesting algae not only yields valuable resources but also mitigates potential eutrophication.

Moreover, marine allotments serve the purpose of fostering understanding about the sustainable utilisation of the sea and its resources. Many individuals may not be familiar with the culinary uses of algae and the methods involved. By involving diverse groups such as tourists, schools, and restaurants, these allotments become a valuable platform for disseminating knowledge about the practical and sustainable utilisation of marine resources.

Kerteminde Seafarm  Denmark is a notable example of a marine allotment. The primary goal of the newly formed Kerteminde Maritime Gardens group is to develop a facility specialised to the cultivation of mussels and seaweed. This effort has several primary objectives:

The organisation's mission is to manage and improve sustainable maritime gardens in Kerteminde Bay, with a concentration on the cultivation of marine foods such as mussels and seaweed. It also aims to contribute to the development of maritime and recreational areas that help local outdoor life and tourists. Collaboration with other local maritime projects and activities in Kerteminde Municipality, enabling knowledge-sharing and promoting sustainable exploitation of marine resources, particularly in the production of maritime foods, is a critical component of its goal.

The maritime garden is managed in a collaborative manner akin to a common allotment, with members actively participating in its upkeep. To increase involvement, numerous activity groups have been formed, giving members the opportunity to actively contribute to the association's goals. The goal is to foster a vibrant and involved community by allowing interested persons to participate in the effort.

Kerteminde's University of Southern Denmark has undertaken studies on mussel cultivation in Kerteminde Bay. Their findings suggest that raising ready-to-eat mussels, known as micro mussels, in a single season is feasible.

11. Market gardening

Market gardening is a form of agriculture where crops are cultivated for direct sale to consumers, restaurants, or local markets. It typically involves intensive cultivation of a variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers on relatively small plots of land. Market gardening is distinguished by its focus on producing high-value, fresh produce that is harvested at its peak and sold directly to consumers, often within a short time frame of being harvested. This approach allows market gardeners to capture a premium price for their produce due to its freshness, quality, and often organic or sustainably grown status.

Principles of Market Gardening:

• Intensive Cultivation: Market gardening involves maximising yields from small plots of land through careful planning, crop rotation, and efficient use of space.
• Crop Diversity: Market gardeners often grow a wide variety of crops to meet the demands of diverse consumers and to spread the risks associated with crop failure or market fluctuations.
• Season Extension: Techniques such as greenhouse cultivation, high tunnels, and row covers are commonly employed to extend the growing season, allowing for a more continuous supply of fresh produce throughout the year.
• Direct Marketing: Unlike larger-scale agriculture, market gardening typically involves direct marketing channels such as farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, roadside stands, or direct sales to restaurants and local retailers.
• Focus on Quality: Market gardeners prioritise quality over quantity, emphasising freshness, flavour, and nutritional value to attract and retain customers.

Examples of Market Gardening Ventures:

• Urban Microfarms: In densely populated urban areas, entrepreneurs are transforming vacant lots, rooftops, and other underutilised spaces into productive microfarms. These operations often utilise vertical farming techniques and hydroponic or aquaponic systems to maximise space and efficiency.
• Specialty Crop Production: Some market gardeners focus on cultivating specialty crops that command high prices due to their rarity, unique flavours, or cultural significance. Examples include heirloom tomatoes, gourmet salad greens, exotic herbs, and niche varieties of fruits and vegetables.
• Organic Farming: Many market gardeners adopt organic or sustainable farming practices to appeal to health-conscious consumers who prioritise environmentally friendly and chemical-free produce. Certified organic market gardens may command premium prices in the marketplace.
• Farm-to-Table Restaurants: Some market gardeners establish partnerships with local restaurants, supplying them with a steady stream of fresh, seasonal produce directly from the farm. This direct relationship allows chefs to create innovative dishes showcasing the best local ingredients while supporting small-scale growers.
• Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): CSA programs connect consumers directly with local farmers by offering subscriptions for weekly or monthly deliveries of fresh produce throughout the growing season. Market gardeners benefit from guaranteed sales and build a loyal customer base, while consumers enjoy a diverse selection of seasonal fruits and vegetables.

In Malmö, Sweden, Vegostan Urban Farming is a small-scale organic farm inside the city. Vegostan demonstrates a profitable model for running farms at the micro level as an alternative to large-scale. They cultivate on the fertile clay soils on the outskirts of the southern parts of Malmö where the city meets the countryside. The products are sold directly to restaurants in Malmö, wholesalers and private consumers via REKO-rings in Malmö and their own farm shop Vegostan urban farming Facebook.

Photo: Vegostan

Examples: Godisgrönt, Roskilde

12. Rooftop farming 

Rooftop farming is another popular form of urban agriculture in Europe. This involves growing food on the roofs of buildings, which can be a great way to utilise unused space in cities. Rooftop gardens provide numerous benefits, including reducing the urban heat island effect, improving air quality, and providing food for the local community.

Some examples of European cities with well-known rooftop gardens include:

Copenhagen, Denmark. CPH Roof Garden features a variety of plants, vegetables, and herbs, as well as a number of seating areas. The garden is designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly, with rainwater being collected and used for irrigation, and waste being composted on site.

Located in the centre of Rotterdam, the Dakakker is a rooftop farm of 1000 m2 that sits atop the Schieblock building in the Netherlands. This urban sanctuary surpasses conventional farming methods by integrating intelligent roof technology for the purpose of water collecting and administration. The farm engages in the cultivation of a wide variety of vegetables, culinary flowers, and fruit, while also serving as a sanctuary for rooftop bees. Dakakker is notable for being the largest rooftop farm in the Netherlands and one of the biggest in Europe. What distinguishes it are its innovative characteristics, such as a sensor-equipped intelligent roof that optimises resource utilisation, an increased water storage capacity, and the inclusion of six beehives. The combination of these aspects together contributes to the farm's complex position within the urban environment.

1) Dakakker, Netherlands, Photo: Dakakker, 2) Photo: Copenhagen Roof Garden

The Jardin Atlantique is a public park and garden located in Paris, on the roof that covers the tracks and platforms of the Gare Montparnasse railway station. It has an area of 3.4 hectares.

Jardin Atlantique, Paris

A notable example is the roof garden on the top of the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, with farmers such as Agripolis, and NU-Paris, covers roughly 14,000 square metres, making it not only the largest rooftop farm in the world but also the largest urban farm in Europe.  They use aeroponic 'vertical' farming, which eliminates the need for pesticides, uses a closed water system, and avoids soil, reducing environmental pollutants and providing a substantially lower carbon footprint by supplying produce locally. During the season, they generate 1 tonne of fruits and vegetables per day. Their objective is to cover flat roofs and abandoned surfaces with new growing systems, thereby contributing to the feeding of city dwellers. 

The new rooftop farm in Paris will be the largest of its kind in the world. 1) Photograph: Valode & Pistre Architectes Atlav AJN, 2) Photograph: Agripolis

13.Test beds 

Test bed farming refers to the practice of utilising small-scale experimental plots to test and refine new techniques and technologies for growing crops, particularly in urban environments. These test beds serve as controlled environments where farmers, researchers, and innovators can experiment with different approaches to enhance crop yields, optimise resource usage, and address challenges unique to urban farming. In test bed farming, various factors such as soil quality, sunlight exposure, water availability, and microclimate conditions are carefully monitored and manipulated to simulate real-world urban farming scenarios. By conducting experiments on a small scale, stakeholders can efficiently assess the viability and effectiveness of new farming methods without committing extensive resources or risking large-scale crop failures.

One of the primary objectives of test bed farming is innovation. Farmers and researchers use these experimental plots to explore novel cultivation techniques, such as vertical farming, hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics, which are particularly suitable for urban settings where space is limited. They also test the integration of emerging technologies like IoT sensors, automated irrigation systems, and LED lighting to optimise resource utilisation and maximise crop productivity. Moreover, test bed farming facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing within the agricultural community. Farmers, scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs can exchange ideas, data, and best practices, fostering a culture of innovation and continuous improvement in urban agriculture.

In Gothenburg, Sweden, Stadsbruk’s test beds demonstrate how to encourage urban food production and green entrepreneurship by exploiting underutilised community-owned farmland. The test sites provide critical infrastructure and finance choices, such as polytunnels and greenhouses, establishing an atmosphere conducive to the growth of green entrepreneurs. Diversified farming techniques contribute to robust ecosystem services, and land contracts at the test sites prioritise organic farming principles for long-term diversification. With roughly 30 active farmers already involved, the city hopes to build a sustainable model through collaboration with farmers. In Gothenburg, the general objective is to turn a large amount of the city's hectares to food production, thereby enhancing local food security and job generation. 

Gothenburg test beds. Photo: Anna Ternell

14. Temporary rooms in the city

Temporary farming spaces in the city are innovative and adaptable areas designed to facilitate agricultural activities for short periods. These spaces serve as flexible solutions to meet the evolving needs of urban agriculture, providing opportunities for diverse farming practices such as pop-up farms, community gardens, rooftop gardens, and mobile farms.

One example of temporary farming spaces is the concept of pop-up farms, where vacant lots or underutilised urban spaces are temporarily transformed into agricultural plots. These pop-up farms enable communities to grow fresh produce, herbs, and flowers in areas where traditional farming might not be feasible, promoting local food production and food security.

Similarly, community gardens offer temporary farming spaces where residents come together to cultivate fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. These communal spaces not only provide opportunities for urban farming but also foster community engagement, social interaction, and environmental stewardship.

Rooftop gardens are another example of temporary farming spaces in the city, where rooftops of buildings are converted into green spaces for growing crops. These rooftop farms utilise underutilised urban real estate to produce food while also providing benefits such as urban heat island mitigation, stormwater management, and biodiversity conservation.

Photo: Pop-up farm, Shoreline Area News: 21 Acres: Increasing access to local food in Briarcrest with Pop-up Farm Stand

Moreover, mobile farms, such as hydroponic or aquaponic systems installed in repurposed shipping containers or vehicles, offer temporary farming solutions that can be deployed to various locations within the city. These mobile farms are ideal for areas with limited space or for temporary events such as farmers' markets, festivals, or educational programs.

Temporary farming spaces in the city contribute to the resilience, sustainability, and vibrancy of urban agriculture by providing flexible and adaptable environments for farming activities. Whether through pop-up farms, community gardens, rooftop gardens, or mobile farms, these temporary spaces empower urban residents to engage in agriculture, reconnect with nature, and contribute to a more food-secure and sustainable urban future. The  Farm from a Box is a clean tech powered infrastructure designed to strengthen local & regional food production: Farm from a Box: Growing Resilience

15. Vertical farming

Vertical farming is a cutting-edge agricultural approach in which crops are grown in vertically stacked layers that frequently incorporates controlled-environment agriculture and soilless farming techniques like hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics. This strategy tries to maximise plant growth and crop yield while using the least amount of land. Vertical farming can be carried out in a variety of structures such as houses, shipping containers, tunnels, and abandoned mine shafts. Because of its ability to address several difficulties connected with traditional agriculture, this revolutionary farming strategy has acquired great traction globally. There is around 30 hectares (74 acres) of functioning vertical farms in the world as of 2020.

When compared to typical farms, vertical farming technologies confront economic challenges. A "hypothetical 10 level vertical farm" in Victoria, Australia, would cost nearly 850 times more per square metre of fertile land than a regular farm in rural Victoria. Vertical farms also have high energy requirements due to the usage of supplemental lighting such as LEDs. Furthermore, if non-renewable energy is used to meet these energy demands, vertical farms may pollute the environment more than typical farms or greenhouses. In order for vertical farms to be successful financially, high-value crops must be grown since traditional farms provide low-value crops like wheat at cheaper costs than vertical farms.

Despite these obstacles, vertical farming has several advantages. One of the primary benefits is improved agricultural output with a less unit amount of land required. Another desired benefit is the enhanced ability to develop a wider range of crops at once because crops do not share the same plots of land when growing. Vertical farms' controlled indoor settings allow for year-round growing, decreasing the impact of seasonal variations and ensuring a steady supply of fresh vegetables. Vertical farming methods sometimes include hydroponics or aeroponics, which use substantially less water than typical soil-based farming and thus contribute to water conservation. Furthermore, crops are more resistant to weather interruptions because of their indoor positioning, which means fewer crops are destroyed due to extreme or unexpected weather events. Vertical farming is less disruptive to native plants and animals due to its limited land use, resulting in further protection of the indigenous flora and wildlife. Because of these advancements, vertical farming companies around the world have increased. 

A meta-analysis of urban farming in 53 countries revealed lettuce, kale, and broccoli to be particularly suitable to vertical farms. Crops such as spinach can be cultivated from seed to harvest in 30 days, allowing a vertical farmer to harvest 12 times each year from the same tray. In addition, by implementing a staggered planting approach, the farmer can achieve a nearly uninterrupted food supply throughout the year from their farm, a feat that is beyond the reach of a conventional farmer.

Venture capitalists, governments, financial institutions, and individual investors are among the sector's primary investors today. 

Several examples of vertical farming can be found worldwide, and below are just a few interesting farms. In for example Singapore, locally cultivated vegetables presently account for just 7% of the total consumption, creating a notable gap between demand and supply. Addressing this demand-supply disparity, the Sky Greens A-Go-Gro vertical systems, which are 9m in height (3 storeys), operate within protective outdoor greenhouses. Notably, these vertical systems yield significantly higher quantities compared to traditional methods.

Nordic Harvest in Denmark represents a groundbreaking venture in industrial-scale vertical farming. Spanning 7,000 square metres on the outskirts of Copenhagen, this facility employs advanced hydroponics and LED lighting to cultivate various crops throughout the year. With a focus on sustainability, Nordic Harvest utilises excess heat generated in the process to warm nearby homes, demonstrating a circular and energy-efficient approach. The farm showcases how vertical farming can enhance food security, promote local production, and contribute to environmental stewardship in the Nordic region.

Vertical Harvest in the US has multi-story greenhouses that produce fresh local food all year round. In the town-owned infill lot in the heart of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, they have a 1,254 square metre greenhouse utilising a 1000 square metre site to grow an annual amount of produce equivalent to 10 acres of traditional farming. The Vertical Harvest Maine is expected to grow almost 1000 tonnes of year-round produce in a 4,800 square metre hydroponic greenhouse. In 2025, a new building is planned for Detroit's Milwaukee Junction neighbourhood. This structure would cover an area of 5,574 ssquare metre It will also include a growing canopy that spans 19,000 square metre and employs hydroponic, vertical, and controlled environmental agriculture techniques. Approximately 1000 tonnes of fresh vegetables, such as Lettuces, Petite Greens, Microgreens, and Herbs, will be cultivated continuously throughout the year.

 

1. SkyGreens Singapore, 2) Vertical harvest farm USA

U-Garden Cases in Sweeden

1. Scaling-up and further developing test beds for new farming entrepreneurs.

In Gothenburg we have established a specific form of test bed focusing on small scale vegetable production using market gardening principles on prime agricultural land. Currently this includes two sites in Angered and Skogome situated in the city's urban hinterland.  Each site is about two hectares in total and divided into smaller plots of about 500 square metres with the possibility of increasing plot size when needed. 

The Angered and Skogome test sites were created to promote urban food production and green entrepreneurship in and around the city centre. Farmland owned by the community is currently underutilised and the focus is often on recreation rather than food production. The test areas provide a starting point for the development of small farms with minimal investment requirements and allow for gradual growth within the test areas as well as the possibility of relocation to larger plots within the community. The test sites provide basic and necessary infrastructure, including fences, water distribution and lockable tool sheds. In addition, the city can finance polytunnels and greenhouses with long-term payment plans for rent, enabling investments that are particularly difficult for green entrepreneurs to finance with traditional bank loans. The test sites are one of three foundations for successful green entrepreneurship, the other is the model farm, which offers a mix of practical best practice examples, and the third is the incubator with a focus on viable business models.

Diversified farming contributes to resilient ecosystem services. Small scale organic vegetable production is extremely diversified when compared to traditional conventional and large-scale monocultures, thus contributing positively to the resilience and robustness of various ecosystem services. The policy of organic farming principles is built into land contracts thereby contributing to the long-term diversification of the city’s arable land. 

The test sites are open to new and innovative ideas with relation to different business models and revenue schemes. Although the focus is on market gardening including direct sales of high producing and premium priced vegetables with bio-intensive high organic input, multiple harvests and short rotations, the test site is open to different approaches. In terms of financing, both the reduction of capital requirements and financing schemes for greenhouses contribute to an innovative approach toward financing that contrasts deeply to business as usual because agricultural companies usually are heavily in debt and operate on small revenue margins. The test site invites and enables careful and limited investments as well as a platform for mutual learning and capacity building within a community of growers. 

The test sites are geared towards creating successful companies and sustainable business models. Our goal is to foster an environment where local entrepreneurs can collaborate and learn from each other. Small scale vegetable production is very local in its nature relying on short distances to markets. Also, a large percentage of the people applying for land have recently arrived in Sweden as immigrants and their contribution to the test sites will hopefully help encourage social inclusion and give job opportunities for a group that face challenges in the job market. 

The planning office applies a policy where food production is given precedence over recreational land use. The long-term plan is to convert as much as possible of the city’s 3000 hectares to food production and thereby increase local food production, food security and job creation. 

Small scale intensive vegetable production is reliant on short distances and local markets. Various models are used for distribution of the produce, including the Facebook based REKO ring. The goal of the REKO rings is to regularly supply consumers with fresh and nutritious food, and to shorten the food chain. The potential for local production of vegetables depends on the rapidly growing urban population. There are one million inhabitants in the greater Gothenburg area. 

The overall vision can be described as a situation where not only urban and peri-urban areas include substantial food production but also where this is seen as a natural part of the food system and integrate the cityscape in ways that minimise energy usage and negative environmental impact and involve people from diverse backgrounds.  The process of developing urban agriculture is global in scope creating an international field of knowledge production and exchange. 

The testbeds were established in 2017 and are still developing as a concept. This year, several workshops are held in order to find ways of developing the model in dialogue with the farmers.  Currently, about 30 farmers are active on the testbeds and many of them are expanding their operations in order to cater to growing demands. A good illustration of the model is Alzobie Farm which was one of the first farmers on the Angered test site, leasing 1000 square metres in 2017 but relocating to a larger 1,5 hectare operation the year after and finally settling on an 18 hectare farm last year. They are rapidly expanding production and are already one of the largest organic vegetable producers in Gothenburg.

 

Photo Alzoubi Farm

2. Incubator programme for urban small-scale entrepreneurs

The Incubator aims to increase the number of local/ecological farmers in Swedish Cities. This is done through agri-preneurship training (agricultural entrepreneurship) and with a strong collaboration with the Gothenburg municipality who offer access to land.

The aim is achieved by gathering, creating, testing and sharing successful business models relevant to the farmers context: low investment, small surfaces, direct sales and high sustainable values. It consists of a winter training program where 10 new entrepreneurs per year get access to the network, training, workshops and support throughout the farming season. At the end of each season, feedback is given to the municipality to help in the selection process for land access.

Through increasing number of entrepreneurs, we believe in boosting the number of farmers, make a better use of empty and/or farming land in and outside of the city and contribute to reduced transport and packaging, furthermore increase consumers knowledge about the environmental impact of the food system.

Urban farming is a flexible food production solution that adapts to any situation. From indoor farming to suburbs, it allows our food systems to rely on their own environment and conditions. Local production has a significant impact on reducing transportation and packaging. It also means seasonal farming and it requires less energy, thus contributing to a more stable climate. 

Buying food from a local farmer is an efficient way to boost the local economy and participate in the recycling of goods and services. Urban compost, made from food waste, can be used by farmers to regenerate their soil and grow new vegetables. 

Our main method of increasing local food production is through entrepreneurship education, which leads to the creation of new businesses. We want to encourage and strengthen local entrepreneurs on their way to food production. Outdoor farming and fresh food have a huge impact on health, and new innovative tools have made the farm workforce more and more body-friendly.

The Farmers Incubator is linked to the long-term strategic work of the City of Gothenburg to provide opportunities for residents to create farm opportunities and enable an agricultural career within the city. The Incubator creates knowledge production in conjunction with a new (old) agricultural technique called Marked Gardening, in which new businesses have to be tested and disseminated in new contexts. This creates new farm entrepreneurs who have a wider toolbox for successfully building a sustainable farming business. The Farmers Incubator activates several sustainable development goals. 

3. Implement pilot actions for the development of innovative business models 

Gothenburg has developed a "Model Farm system" with the aim of demonstrating and developing how food can be grown in and around cities, as well as how public stakeholders can be a driving force in this field. Furthermore, it aims to show how innovative farming business models can create value for the city and its inhabitants by building communities, increasing local self-sufficiency, creating jobs, promoting knowledge, creating attractive green cities, and encouraging public engagement. With a multifunctional approach, the system produces knowledge, new farmers, and food for a multitude of stakeholders. The idea is to create a network of model farms around the city with different thematic angles. At its core, the theoretical and practical approach revolves around the concept of Market Gardening. The first Model Farm was situated in a peri-urban context, at Angereds Gård, and was developed by the City of Gothenburg in collaboration with a publicly owned agricultural school (VGR).

The model farm at Angereds Gård is a highly productive small-scale market gardening farm that provides food and education. By presenting a business model behind a sustainable and successful smallholder operation within a community, the model farm served as a motor for the integration of regenerative agricultural practices into the continuous development of urban and rural multifunctional landscapes.

The model farm consists of regenerative agricultural practices on a small scale with the aim of imparting the basics for setting up a market garden from scratch in a framework provided by the public sector. It explored the theory of where to locate and how to design a business, tools and equipment to invest in, and practical advice on starting and managing a business, including statistics and data on working hours, crop planning, and crop yields. It referred to a financial scenario where a community operates an educational market garden and the customers are the public school kitchens. The most important questions were whether a municipality could benefit economically, socially and environmentally from employing a farmer to produce food for school children on municipality-owned land instead of buying food from private companies. A vegetable farm near several preschools and schools enables the community to offer children fresh, nutrient-rich produce of much higher quality and at lower cost than if they were bought by the private sector.

Small scale agriculture is synonymous with small investments that allow many new entrepreneurs to enter the food sector. Small-scale local production of food is one of the keys to reintroducing agriculture as a viable livelihood. When the need for initial investment drops to affordable levels, there is a chance that a larger group of agricultural entrepreneurs will enter the food sector. The ability to start a farm on a smaller budget, by leasing land from a community and using less expensive machines and tools, provides opportunities for people with and without an agricultural background, thereby encouraging a greater diversity of those who want to start up of a farm.

The management system was based on updated scientific findings on the interaction between soil and plants. The enrichment of the soil biota and the sequestration of carbon in the soil are essential components of how agricultural practices can help remove carbon from the atmosphere and thereby lower atmospheric CO2 levels. The planted and wild biodiversity on the farm created the basis for a resilient ecosystem.

The collaboration between the Municipality of Gothenburg with the Region Västra Götaland, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and other institutions enables the creation of a network of partners from different sectors who together create new and updated governance models. On the model farm, capacity building and education are just as important as food production. The farm serves as a practical example of market garden style food growing. Students and interns participate in the production cycle to ensure that new farmers have the opportunity to learn hands-on while having access to all the planning tools etc. that are used on a small farm.

 The second model farm is the first "satellite farm" and is situated at Lilla Änggården (2023). It is built upon the same market garden principles as Angereds Gård but on a smaller scale (approximately 500 m2). It will be a collaboration between different public administrations, academia, and civil society.

For most of its history, Lilla Änggården has been a place for agriculture and farming. When the farm was purchased by the Gren family in the 1840s, this use of the site was further strengthened.

Lilla Änggården was donated by the Gren Broberg family as a gift to the city of Gothenburg in 1963. Therefore, the contemporary and future work on the site takes its starting point from Sven and Carl Grén Broberg's will and gift letter.

The farm at Angereds Gård will provide seedlings and seeds for transplanting to Lilla Änggården. The model farm at Lilla Änggården will have a much stronger focus on co-creation, community building, and knowledge sharing. It will also be an Urban Living Lab within the U-Garden project, targeting a multitude of stakeholders. The farm also aims to:

Activate and increase the relevance of the cultural environment for the city and its residents.

Create increased knowledge about the city's green living environments by highlighting the ecological, social, and economic values of the green environments.

Lilla Änggården is situated in the city district of Änggården, a neighbourhood built and planned as a "Garden city" based on a concept created by Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) in response to the harsh and unhealthy urban conditions of the Victorian nineteenth-century English city. Howard wrote Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1898) with a slightly reworked second edition in 1902. The idea was to combine urban and rural qualities such as culture, job opportunities, greenery, fresh air, food production, and quietness. The garden city or the town-country magnet was intended to be "of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land."

However, even the first garden cities were far from Howard's politically and socially utopian garden cities. The only thing they had in common, including Änggården, was a physical similarity in terms of the types of housing and town planning suggested by Howard. The reduced concept of the garden city spread throughout the world and became synonymous with a countryside version of the dense bourgeois city. Nonetheless, this is a very interesting historical context for the model farm at Lilla Änggården to discuss and elaborate on.

Main photo by Raelle Gann-Owens on Unsplash